Rumi
Rumi | |
|---|---|
 Estátua de Rumi em Buca, Turquia | |
| Título | Mevlânâ, Mawlānā,[1] Mevlevî, Mawlawī |
| Pessoal | |
| Nascido | 30 de setembro de 1207 |
| Morreu | 17 dezembro 1273 (66 anos) |
| Local de descanso | Túmulo de Mevlana Rumi, Museu mevlana, Konya, Turquia |
| Religião | Islã |
| Etnia | Persa |
| Era | Era de Ouro Islâmica |
| Região | Império Khwarezmian (Balkh: 1207-1212, 1213-1217; Samarkand: 1212-1213)[5][6] Sultanato de Rum (Malatya: 1217-1219; Akşehir: 1219-1222; Larende: 1222-1228; Konya: 1228-1273)[5] |
| Denominação | Sunita[7] |
| Jurisprudência | Hanafi |
| Creed | Maturidi[8] |
| Principais interesses | Poesia sufi, jurisprudência hanafi, teologia maturi |
| Notáveis ideias(s) | Sufi girando, Muraqaba |
| Trabalhos notáveis | Mathnawī-ī ma'nawī, Dīwān-ī Shams-ī Tabrīzī, Fīhi mā fīhi |
| Tariqa | Mevlevi |
| Líder muçulmano | |
Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī (persa: الال النن ملنن ممن),também conhecido como Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (الرل الرن ممن نللن), Mevlânâ/Mawlānā (مللان, "nosso mestre"). Vlevî/Mawlawī (مللنن,"meu mestre"), e mais popularmente simplesmente como Rumi (30 de setembro de 1207 - 17 de dezembro de 1273), foi um persa doséculo XIII[10][11] poeta, Hanafi faqih, estudioso islâmico, teólogo Maturidi , e sufi místico originalmente de Greater Khorasan no Grande Irã. [11] [12]A influência de Rumi transcende fronteiras nacionais e divisões étnicas: iranianos, tajiques, turcos, gregos, pashtuns,outros muçulmanos da Ásia Central, e os muçulmanos do subcontinente indiano apreciaram muito seu legado espiritual nos últimos sete séculos. [13] Seus poemas foram amplamente traduzidos em muitas das línguas do mundo e transpostos em vários formatos. Rumi foi descrito como o "poeta mais popular"[14] e o "poeta mais vendido" nos Estados Unidos. [15][16]
As obras de Rumi são escritas principalmente em persa, mas ocasionalmente ele também usou turco,[17] árabe,[18] e grego[19][20] [21] em seu verso. Seu Masnavi (Mathnawi),composto em Konya,é considerado um dos maiores poemas da língua persa. [22][23] Suas obras são amplamente lidas hoje em sua língua original em todo o Grande Irã e no mundo de língua persa. [24][25] As traduções de suas obras são muito populares, mais notavelmente na Turquia, Azerbaijão,Estados Unidos e Sul da Ásia. Sua poesia influenciou não apenas a literatura persa,mas também as tradições literárias das línguas turcas otomanas, chagatai, urdu, bengali e pashto. [27][28]
Nome
Ele é mais conhecido como Rumi em inglês. Seu nome completo é Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Balkhī (persa: الال النن ملمن ملنن نللن)ou Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (الال الرن من مرمن مرمن). Jalal ad-Din é um nome árabe que significa "Glória da Fé". Balkhī e Rūmī são seus nisbas, que significam, respectivamente, "de Balkh"e "de Rûm"('Romano', que a história europeia agora chama bizantina, Anatólia[29]). De acordo com o autoritante biógrafo rumi Franklin Lewis da Universidade de Chicago, "[t]he península anatólia que pertencia ao império bizantino, ou do leste romano, tinha sido apenas relativamente recentemente conquistado por muçulmanos e mesmo quando chegou a ser controlado por governantes muçulmanos turcos, ele ainda era conhecido por árabes, persas e turcos como a área geográfica de Rum. Como tal, há uma série de personagens históricos nascidos ou associados à Anatólia conhecida como Rumi, uma palavra emprestada do árabe literalmente significando "romano", no qual o contexto romano se refere aos sujeitos do Império Bizantino ou simplesmente às pessoas que vivem ou coisas associadas à Anatólia." [30] Ele também era conhecido como "Mullah of Rum" (ملا رم mullā-yi Rūm ou ملام mullā-yi Rūmī). [31]
He is widely known by the sobriquet Mawlānā/Molānā[1][5] (Persian: مولانا Persian pronunciation: [moulɒːnɒ]) in Iran and popularly known as Mevlânâ in Turkey. Mawlānā (مولانا) is a term of Arabic origin, meaning "our master".
The term مولوی Mawlawī/Mowlavi (Persian) and Mevlevi (Turkish), also of Arabic origin, meaning "my master", is also frequently used for him.[32]
Life
Overview
Rumi was born to native Persian-speaking parents,[17][18][33] originally from the Balkh, in present-day Afghanistan. He was born either in Wakhsh,[4] a village on the Vakhsh River in present-day Tajikistan,[4] or in the city of Balkh, in present-day Afghanistan.[2][34]
Greater Balkh was at that time a major centre of Persian culture[23][33][35] and Sufism had developed there for several centuries. The most important influences upon Rumi, besides his father, were the Persian poets Attar and Sanai.[36] Rumi expresses his appreciation: "Attar was the spirit, Sanai his eyes twain, And in time thereafter, Came we in their train"[37] and mentions in another poem: "Attar has traversed the seven cities of Love, We are still at the turn of one street".[38] His father was also connected to the spiritual lineage of Najm al-Din Kubra.[13]
Rumi lived most of his life under the Persianate[39][40][41] Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, where he produced his works[42] and died in 1273 AD. He was buried in Konya, and his shrine became a place of pilgrimage.[43] Upon his death, his followers and his son Sultan Walad founded the Mevlevi Order, also known as the Order of the Whirling Dervishes, famous for the Sufi dance known as the Sama ceremony. He was laid to rest beside his father, and over his remains a shrine was erected. A hagiographical account of him is described in Shams ud-Din Ahmad Aflāki's Manāqib ul-Ārifīn (written between 1318 and 1353). This biography needs to be treated with care as it contains both legends and facts about Rumi.[44] For example, Professor Franklin Lewis of the University of Chicago, author of the most complete biography on Rumi, has separate sections for the hagiographical biography of Rumi and the actual biography about him.[45]
Childhood and emigration
Rumi's father was Bahā ud-Dīn Walad, a theologian, jurist and a mystic from Balkh, who was also known by the followers of Rumi as Sultan al-Ulama or "Sultan of the Scholars". The popular hagiographical assertions that have claimed the family's descent from the Caliph Abu Bakr does not hold on closer examination and is rejected by modern scholars. The claim of maternal descent from the Khwarazmshah for Rumi or his father is also seen as a non-historical hagiographical tradition designed to connect the family with royalty, but this claim is rejected for chronological and historical reasons. The most complete genealogy offered for the family stretches back to six or seven generations to famous Hanafi jurists.[45][46][47]
We do not learn the name of Baha al-Din's mother in the sources, only that he referred to her as "Māmi" (colloquial Persian for Māma),[48] and that she was a simple woman who lived to the 1200s. The mother of Rumi was Mu'mina Khātūn. The profession of the family for several generations was that of Islamic preachers of the liberal Hanafi rite, and this family tradition was continued by Rumi (see his Fihi Ma Fih and Seven Sermons) and Sultan Walad (see Ma'rif Waladi for examples of his everyday sermons and lectures).
When the Mongols invaded Central Asia sometime between 1215 and 1220, Baha ud-Din Walad, with his whole family and a group of disciples, set out westwards. According to hagiographical account which is not agreed upon by all Rumi scholars, Rumi encountered one of the most famous mystic Persian poets, Attar, in the Iranian city of Nishapur, located in the province of Khorāsān. Attar immediately recognized Rumi's spiritual eminence. He saw the father walking ahead of the son and said, "Here comes a sea followed by an ocean."[49][50] Attar gave the boy his Asrārnāma, a book about the entanglement of the soul in the material world. This meeting had a deep impact on the eighteen-year-old Rumi and later on became the inspiration for his works.
From Nishapur, Walad and his entourage set out for Baghdad, meeting many of the scholars and Sufis of the city.[citation needed] From Baghdad they went to Hejaz and performed the pilgrimage at Mecca. The migrating caravan then passed through Damascus, Malatya, Erzincan, Sivas, Kayseri and Nigde. They finally settled in Karaman for seven years; Rumi's mother and brother both died there. In 1225, Rumi married Gowhar Khatun in Karaman. They had two sons: Sultan Walad and Ala-eddin Chalabi. When his wife died, Rumi married again and had a son, Amir Alim Chalabi, and a daughter, Malakeh Khatun.
On 1 May 1228, most likely as a result of the insistent invitation of 'Alā' ud-Dīn Key-Qobād, ruler of Anatolia, Baha' ud-Din came and finally settled in Konya in Anatolia within the westernmost territories of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.
Education and encounters with Shams-e Tabrizi
Baha' ud-Din became the head of a madrassa (religious school) and when he died, Rumi, aged twenty-five, inherited his position as the Islamic molvi. One of Baha' ud-Din's students, Sayyed Burhan ud-Din Muhaqqiq Termazi, continued to train Rumi in the Shariah as well as the Tariqa, especially that of Rumi's father. For nine years, Rumi practised Sufism as a disciple of Burhan ud-Din until the latter died in 1240 or 1241. Rumi's public life then began: he became an Islamic Jurist, issuing fatwas and giving sermons in the mosques of Konya. He also served as a Molvi (Islamic teacher) and taught his adherents in the madrassa.
During this period, Rumi also travelled to Damascus and is said to have spent four years there.
It was his meeting with the dervish Shams-e Tabrizi on 15 November 1244 that completely changed his life. From an accomplished teacher and jurist, Rumi was transformed into an ascetic.
Shams had travelled throughout the Middle East searching and praying for someone who could "endure my company". A voice said to him, "What will you give in return?" Shams replied, "My head!" The voice then said, "The one you seek is Jalal ud-Din of Konya." On the night of 5 December 1248, as Rumi and Shams were talking, Shams was called to the back door. He went out, never to be seen again. It is rumoured that Shams was murdered with the connivance of Rumi's son, 'Ala' ud-Din; if so, Shams indeed gave his head for the privilege of mystical friendship.[51]
Rumi's love for, and his bereavement at the death of, Shams found their expression in an outpouring of lyric poems, Divan-e Shams-e Tabrizi. He himself went out searching for Shams and journeyed again to Damascus. There, he realised:
Later life and death
Mewlana had been spontaneously composing ghazals (Persian poems), and these had been collected in the Divan-i Kabir or Diwan Shams Tabrizi. Rumi found another companion in Salaḥ ud-Din-e Zarkub, a goldsmith. After Salah ud-Din's death, Rumi's scribe and favourite student, Hussam-e Chalabi, assumed the role of Rumi's companion. One day, the two of them were wandering through the Meram vineyards outside Konya when Hussam described to Rumi an idea he had had: "If you were to write a book like the Ilāhīnāma of Sanai or the Mantiq ut-Tayr of 'Attar, it would become the companion of many troubadours. They would fill their hearts from your work and compose music to accompany it." Rumi smiled and took out a piece of paper on which were written the opening eighteen lines of his Masnavi, beginning with:
Hussam implored Rumi to write more. Rumi spent the next twelve years of his life in Anatolia dictating the six volumes of this masterwork, the Masnavi, to Hussam.
In December 1273, Rumi fell ill; he predicted his own death and composed the well-known ghazal, which begins with the verse:
Rumi died on 17 December 1273 in Konya. His death was mourned by the diverse community of Konya, with local Christians and Jews joining the crowd that converged to bid farewell as his body was carried through the city.[55] Rumi's body was interred beside that of his father, and a splendid shrine, the Yeşil Türbe (Green Tomb, قبه الخضراء; today the Mevlâna Museum), was erected over his place of burial. His epitaph reads:
Georgian Queen Gürcü Hatun was a close friend of Rumi. She was the one who sponsored the construction of his tomb in Konya.[57] The 13th century Mevlâna Mausoleum, with its mosque, dance hall, schools and living quarters for dervishes, remains a destination of pilgrimage to this day, and is probably the most popular pilgrimage site to be regularly visited by adherents of every major religion.[55]
Teachings
Like other mystic and Sufi poets of Persian literature, Rumi's poetry speaks of love which infuses the world. Rumi's teachings also express the tenets summarized in the Quranic verse which Shams-e Tabrizi cited as the essence of prophetic guidance: "Know that ‘There is no god but He,’ and ask forgiveness for your sin" (Q. 47:19). In the interpretation attributed to Shams, the first part of the verse commands the humanity to seek knowledge of tawhid (oneness of God), while the second instructs them to negate their own existence. In Rumi's terms, tawhid is lived most fully through love, with the connection being made explicit in his verse that describes love as "that flame which, when it blazes up, burns away everything except the Everlasting Beloved."[58] Rumi's longing and desire to attain this ideal is evident in the following poem from his book the Masnavi:[59]
از جمادی مُردم و نامی شدم | I died to the mineral state and became a plant, |
The Masnavi weaves fables, scenes from everyday life, Qur'anic revelations and exegesis, and metaphysics into a vast and intricate tapestry.
Rumi believed passionately in the use of music, poetry and dance as a path for reaching God. For Rumi, music helped devotees to focus their whole being on the divine and to do this so intensely that the soul was both destroyed and resurrected. It was from these ideas that the practice of whirling Dervishes developed into a ritual form. His teachings became the base for the order of the Mevlevi, which his son Sultan Walad organised. Rumi encouraged Sama, listening to music and turning or doing the sacred dance. In the Mevlevi tradition, samāʿ represents a mystical journey of spiritual ascent through mind and love to the Perfect One. In this journey, the seeker symbolically turns towards the truth, grows through love, abandons the ego, finds the truth and arrives at the Perfect. The seeker then returns from this spiritual journey, with greater maturity, to love and to be of service to the whole of creation without discrimination with regard to beliefs, races, classes and nations.[citation needed]
In other verses in the Masnavi, Rumi describes in detail the universal message of love:
Rumi's favourite musical instrument was the ney (reed flute).[14]
Major works
Rumi's poetry is often divided into various categories: the quatrains (rubayāt) and odes (ghazal) of the Divan, the six books of the Masnavi. The prose works are divided into The Discourses, The Letters, and the Seven Sermons.
Poetic works
- Rumi's best-known work is the Maṭnawīye Ma'nawī (Spiritual Couplets; مثنوی معنوی). The six-volume poem holds a distinguished place within the rich tradition of Persian Sufi literature, and has been commonly called "the Quran in Persian".[61][62] Many commentators have regarded it as the greatest mystical poem in world literature.[63] It contains approximately 27,000 lines,[64] each consisting of a couplet with an internal rhyme.[55] While the mathnawi genre of poetry may use a variety of different metres, after Rumi composed his poem, the metre he used became the mathnawi metre par excellence. The first recorded use of this metre for a mathnawi poem took place at the Nizari Ismaili fortress of Girdkuh between 1131-1139. It likely set the stage for later poetry in this style by mystics such as Attar and Rumi. [65]
- Rumi's other major work is the Dīwān-e Kabīr (Great Work) or Dīwān-e Shams-e Tabrīzī (The Works of Shams of Tabriz; دیوان شمس تبریزی), named in honour of Rumi's master Shams. Besides approximately 35000 Persian couplets and 2000 Persian quatrains,[66] the Divan contains 90 Ghazals and 19 quatrains in Arabic,[67] a couple of dozen or so couplets in Turkish (mainly macaronic poems of mixed Persian and Turkish)[68][69] and 14 couplets in Greek (all of them in three macaronic poems of Greek-Persian).[70][71][72]
Prose works
- Fihi Ma Fihi (In It What's in It, Persian: فیه ما فیه) provides a record of seventy-one talks and lectures given by Rumi on various occasions to his disciples. It was compiled from the notes of his various disciples, so Rumi did not author the work directly.[73] An English translation from the Persian was first published by A.J. Arberry as Discourses of Rumi (New York: Samuel Weiser, 1972), and a translation of the second book by Wheeler Thackston, Sign of the Unseen (Putney, VT: Threshold Books, 1994). The style of the Fihi ma fihi is colloquial and meant for middle-class men and women, and lack the sophisticated wordplay.[74]
- Majāles-e Sab'a (Seven Sessions, Persian: مجالس سبعه) contains seven Persian sermons (as the name implies) or lectures given in seven different assemblies. The sermons themselves give a commentary on the deeper meaning of Qur'an and Hadith. The sermons also include quotations from poems of Sana'i, 'Attar, and other poets, including Rumi himself. As Aflakī relates, after Shams-e Tabrīzī, Rumi gave sermons at the request of notables, especially Salāh al-Dīn Zarkūb. The style of Persian is rather simple, but quotation of Arabic and knowledge of history and the Hadith show Rumi's knowledge in the Islamic sciences. His style is typical of the genre of lectures given by Sufis and spiritual teachers.[75]
- Makatib (The Letters, Persian: مکاتیب) or Maktubat (مکتوبات) is the collection of letters written in Persian by Rumi to his disciples, family members, and men of state and of influence. The letters testify that Rumi kept very busy helping family members and administering a community of disciples that had grown up around them. Unlike the Persian style of the previous two mentioned works (which are lectures and sermons), the letters are consciously sophisticated and epistolary in style, which is in conformity with the expectations of correspondence directed to nobles, statesmen and kings.[76]
Religious outlook
Rumi belongs to the class of Islamic philosophers which include Ibn Arabi and Mulla Sadra.[citation needed] These transcendental philosophers are often studied together in traditional schools of irfan, philosophy and theosophy throughout the Muslim world.[77]
Rumi embeds his theosophy (transcendental philosophy) like a string through the beads of his poems and stories. His main point and emphasis is the unity of being.
It is undeniable that Rumi was a Muslim scholar and took Islam seriously. Nonetheless, the depth of his spiritual vision extended beyond narrow understanding sectarian concerns. One rubaiyat reads:
در راه طلب عاقل و دیوانه یکی است | On the seeker’s path, wise men and fools are one. |
| —Quatrain 305 |
According to the Quran, Prophet Muhammad is a mercy sent by God to the Alamin (to all worlds), including humanity overall.[79] In regards to this, Rumi states:
Rumi, however, asserts the supremacy of Islam by stating:
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Many of Rumi's poems suggest the importance of outward religious observance and the primacy of the Qur'an.[82]
Rumi states:
Rumi also states:
On the first page of the Masnavi, Rumi states:
Hadi Sabzavari, one of Iran's most important 19th-century philosophers, makes the following connection between the Masnavi and Islam, in the introduction to his philosophical commentary on the book:
Seyyed Hossein Nasr states:
Rumi states in his Dīwān:
His Masnavi contains anecdotes and stories derived largely from the Quran and the hadith, as well as everyday tales.
Legacy
Universality
Shahram Shiva asserts that "Rumi is able to verbalise the highly personal and often confusing world of personal growth and development in a very clear and direct fashion. He does not offend anyone, and he includes everyone.... Today Rumi's poems can be heard in churches, synagogues, Zen monasteries, as well as in the downtown New York art/performance/music scene."
To many modern Westerners, his teachings are one of the best introductions to the philosophy and practice of Sufism. In the West Shahram Shiva has been teaching, performing and sharing the translations of the poetry of Rumi for nearly twenty years and has been instrumental in spreading Rumi's legacy in the English-speaking parts of the world.
According to Professor Majid M. Naini,[90] "Rumi's life and transformation provide true testimony and proof that people of all religions and backgrounds can live together in peace and harmony. Rumi’s visions, words, and life teach us how to reach inner peace and happiness so we can finally stop the continual stream of hostility and hatred and achieve true global peace and harmony.”
Rumi's work has been translated into many of the world's languages, including Russian, German, Urdu, Turkish, Arabic, Bengali, French, Italian, and Spanish, and is being presented in a growing number of formats, including concerts, workshops, readings, dance performances, and other artistic creations.[91] The English interpretations of Rumi's poetry by Coleman Barks have sold more than half a million copies worldwide,[92] and Rumi is one of the most widely read poets in the United States.[93] Shahram Shiva book "Rending the Veil: Literal and Poetic Translations of Rumi" (1995, HOHM Press) is the recipient of the Benjamin Franklin Award.
Recordings of Rumi poems have made it to the USA's Billboard's Top 20 list. A selection of American author Deepak Chopra's editing of the translations by Fereydoun Kia of Rumi's love poems has been performed by Hollywood personalities such as Madonna, Goldie Hawn, Philip Glass and Demi Moore.
Rumi and his mausoleum were depicted on the reverse of the 5000 Turkish lira banknotes of 1981–1994.[94]
There is a famous landmark in Northern India, known as Rumi Gate, situated in Lucknow (the capital of Uttar Pradesh) named for Rumi.
Iranian world
These cultural, historical and linguistic ties between Rumi and Iran have made Rumi an iconic Iranian poet, and some of the most important Rumi scholars including Foruzanfar, Naini, Sabzewari, etc., have come from modern Iran.[95] Rumi's poetry is displayed on the walls of many cities across Iran, sung in Persian music,[95] and read in school books.[96]
Rumi's poetry forms the basis of much classical Iranian and Afghan music.[97][98] Contemporary classical interpretations of his poetry are made by Muhammad Reza Shajarian, Shahram Nazeri, Davood Azad (the three from Iran) and Ustad Mohammad Hashem Cheshti (Afghanistan).
Mewlewī Sufi Order; Rumi and Turkey
The Mewlewī Sufi order was founded in 1273 by Rumi's followers after his death.[99] His first successor in the rectorship of the order was "Husam Chalabi" himself, after whose death in 1284 Rumi's younger and only surviving son, Sultan Walad (died 1312), popularly known as author of the mystical Maṭnawī Rabābnāma, or the Book of the Rabab was installed as grand master of the order.[100] The leadership of the order has been kept within Rumi's family in Konya uninterruptedly since then.[101] The Mewlewī Sufis, also known as Whirling Dervishes, believe in performing their dhikr in the form of Sama. During the time of Rumi (as attested in the Manāqib ul-Ārefīn of Aflākī), his followers gathered for musical and "turning" practices.
According to tradition, Rumi was himself a notable musician who played the robāb, although his favourite instrument was the ney or reed flute.[102] The music accompanying the samāʿ consists of settings of poems from the Maṭnawī and Dīwān-e Kabīr, or of Sultan Walad's poems.[102] The Mawlawīyah was a well-established Sufi order in the Ottoman Empire, and many of the members of the order served in various official positions of the Caliphate. The centre for the Mevlevi was in Konya. There is also a Mewlewī monastery (درگاه, dargāh) in Istanbul near the Galata Tower in which the samāʿ is performed and accessible to the public. The Mewlewī order issues an invitation to people of all backgrounds:
During Ottoman times, the Mevlevi produced a number of notable poets and musicians, including Sheikh Ghalib, Ismail Rusuhi Dede of Ankara, Esrar Dede, Halet Efendi, and Gavsi Dede, who are all buried at the Galata Mewlewī Khāna (Turkish: Mevlevi-Hane) in Istanbul.[104] Music, especially that of the ney, plays an important part in the Mevlevi.
With the foundation of the modern, secular Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk removed religion from the sphere of public policy and restricted it exclusively to that of personal morals, behaviour and faith. On 13 December 1925, a law was passed closing all the tekkes (dervish lodges) and zāwiyas (chief dervish lodges), and the centres of veneration to which visits (ziyārat) were made. Istanbul alone had more than 250 tekkes as well as small centres for gatherings of various fraternities; this law dissolved the Sufi Orders, prohibited the use of mystical names, titles and costumes pertaining to their titles, impounded the Orders' assets, and banned their ceremonies and meetings. The law also provided penalties for those who tried to re-establish the Orders. Two years later, in 1927, the Mausoleum of Mevlâna in Konya was allowed to reopen as a Museum.[105]
In the 1950s, the Turkish government began allowing the Whirling Dervishes to perform once a year in Konya. The Mewlānā festival is held over two weeks in December; its culmination is on 17 December, the Urs of Mewlānā (anniversary of Rumi's death), called Šabe Arūs (شب عروس) (Persian meaning "nuptial night"), the night of Rumi's union with God.[106] In 1974, the Whirling Dervishes were permitted to travel to the West for the first time. In 2005, UNESCO proclaimed "The Mevlevi Sama Ceremony" of Turkey as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[107]
Religious denomination
As Edward G. Browne noted, the three most prominent mystical Persian poets Rumi, Sanai and Attar were all Sunni Muslims and their poetry abounds with praise for the first two caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattāb.[108] According to Annemarie Schimmel, the tendency among Shia authors to anachronistically include leading mystical poets such as Rumi and Attar among their own ranks, became stronger after the introduction of Twelver Shia as the state religion in the Safavid Empire in 1501.[109]
Eight hundredth anniversary celebrations
In Afghanistan, Rumi is known as Mawlānā, in Turkey as Mevlâna, and in Iran as Molavī.
At the proposal of the Permanent Delegations of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, and as approved by its executive board and General Conference in conformity with its mission of “constructing in the minds of men the defences of peace”, UNESCO was associated with the celebration, in 2007, of the eight hundredth anniversary of Rumi's birth.[110] The commemoration at UNESCO itself took place on 6 September 2007;[2] UNESCO issued a medal in Rumi's name in the hope that it would prove an encouragement to those who are engaged in research on and dissemination of Rumi's ideas and ideals, which would, in turn, enhance the diffusion of the ideals of UNESCO.[34]
The Afghan Ministry of Culture and Youth established a national committee, which organised an international seminar to celebrate the birth and life of the great ethical philosopher and world-renowned poet. This grand gathering of the intellectuals, diplomats, and followers of Mewlana was held in Kabul and in Balkh, the Mewlana's place of birth.[111]
On 30 September 2007, Iranian school bells were rung throughout the country in honour of Mewlana.[112] Also in that year, Iran held a Rumi Week from 26 October to 2 November. An international ceremony and conference were held in Tehran; the event was opened by the Iranian president and the chairman of the Iranian parliament. Scholars from twenty-nine countries attended the events, and 450 articles were presented at the conference.[113] Iranian musician Shahram Nazeri was awarded the Légion d'honneur and Iran's House of Music Award in 2007 for his renowned works on Rumi masterpieces.[114] 2007 was declared as the "International Rumi Year" by UNESCO.[115][116]
Also on 30 September 2007, Turkey celebrated Rumi’s eight-hundredth birthday with a giant Whirling Dervish ritual performance of the samāʿ, which was televised using forty-eight cameras and broadcast live in eight countries. Ertugrul Gunay, of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, stated, "Three hundred dervishes are scheduled to take part in this ritual, making it the largest performance of sema in history."[117]
Mawlana Rumi Review
The Mawlana Rumi Review[118] (ISSN 2042-3357) is published annually by The Centre for Persian and Iranian Studies at the University of Exeter in collaboration with The Rumi Institute in Nicosia, Cyprus, and Archetype Books[119] in Cambridge.[119] The first volume was published in 2010, and it has come out annually since then. According to the principal editor of the journal, Leonard Lewisohn: "Although a number of major Islamic poets easily rival the likes of Dante, Shakespeare and Milton in importance and output, they still enjoy only a marginal literary fame in the West because the works of Arabic and Persian thinkers, writers and poets are considered as negligible, frivolous, tawdry sideshows beside the grand narrative of the Western Canon. It is the aim of the Mawlana Rumi Review to redress this carelessly inattentive approach to world literature, which is something far more serious than a minor faux pas committed by the Western literary imagination."[120]
See also
General
Poems by Rumi
On Persian culture
Rumi scholars and writers
English translators of Rumi poetry
Interpreters of Rumi
- Coleman Barks
- Shohreh Moavenian
- Shahram Shiva
References
- ^ a b c Ritter, H.; Bausani, A. "ḎJ̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵh̲aṭībī." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. Excerpt: "known by the sobriquet Mewlānā, persian poet and founder of the Mewlewiyya order of dervishes"
- ^ a b c "UNESCO: 800th Anniversary of the Birth of Mawlana Jalal-ud-Din Balkhi-Rumi". UNESCO. 6 September 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
The prominent Persian language poet, thinker and spiritual master, Mevlana Celaleddin Belhi-Rumi was born in 1207 in Balkh, presently Afghanistan.
- ^ William Harmless, Mystics, (Oxford University Press, 2008), 167.
- ^ a b c Annemarie Schimmel, "I Am Wind, You Are Fire," p. 11. She refers to a 1989 article by Fritz Meier:Lewis has devoted two pages of his book to the topic of Wakhsh, which he states has been identified with the medieval town of Lêwkand (or Lâvakand) or Sangtude, which is about 65 kilometers southeast of Dushanbe, the capital of present-day Tajikistan. He says it is on the east bank of the Vakhshâb river, a major tributary that joins the Amu Daryâ river (also called Jayhun, and named the Oxus by the Greeks). He further states: "Bahâ al-Din may have been born in Balkh, but at least between June 1204 and 1210 (Shavvâl 600 and 607), during which time Rumi was born, Bahâ al-Din resided in a house in Vakhsh (Bah 2:143 [= Bahâ' uddîn Walad's] book, "Ma`ârif."). Vakhsh, rather than Balkh was the permanent base of Bahâ al-Din and his family until Rumi was around five years old (mei 16–35) [= from a book in German by the scholar Fritz Meier—note inserted here]. At that time, in about the year 1212 (A.H. 608–609), the Valads moved to Samarqand (Fih 333; Mei 29–30, 36) [= reference to Rumi's "Discourses" and to Fritz Meier's book—note inserted here], leaving behind Baâ al-Din's mother, who must have been at least seventy-five years old."
- ^ a b c H. Ritter, 1991, DJALĀL al-DĪN RŪMĪ, The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Volume II: C–G), 393.
- ^ C. E. Bosworth, 1988, BALḴ, city and province in northern Afghanistan, Encyclopaedia Iranica: Later, suzerainty over it passed to the Qarā Ḵetāy of Transoxania, until in 594/1198 the Ghurid Bahāʾ-al-Dīn Sām b. Moḥammad of Bāmīān occupied it when its Turkish governor, a vassal of the Qarā Ḵetāy, had died, and incorporated it briefly into the Ghurid empire. Yet within a decade, Balḵ and Termeḏ passed to the Ghurids’ rival, the Ḵᵛārazmšāh ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Moḥammad, who seized it in 602/1205-06 and appointed as governor there a Turkish commander, Čaḡri or Jaʿfar. In summer of 617/1220 the Mongols first appeared at Balḵ.
- ^ The Complete Idiot's Guide to Rumi Meditations, Penguin Group, 2008, p. 48, ISBN 9781592577361
- ^ Lewis, Franklin D. (2014). Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The life, Teaching and poetry of Jalal Al-Din Rumi. Simon and Schuster. pp. 15–16, 52, 60, 89.
- ^ Ramin Jahanbegloo, In Search of the Sacred : A Conversation with Seyyed Hossein Nasr on His Life and Thought, ABC-CLIO (2010), p. 141
- ^ Yalman, Suzan (2016-07-07). "Badr al-Dīn Tabrīzī". Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE.
Badr al-Dīn Tabrīzī was the architect of the original tomb built for Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (d. 672/1273, in Konya), the great Persian mystic and poet.
- ^ a b Lewis, Franklin D. (2008). Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The life, Teaching and poetry of Jalal Al-Din Rumi. Oneworld Publication. p. 9.
How is that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as in Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere, in what is now Turkey, some 1,500 miles to the west?
- ^ Schimmel, Annemarie (7 April 1994). The Mystery of Numbers. Oxford University Press. p. 51.
These examples are taken from the Persian mystic Rumi's work, not from Chinese, but they express the yang-yin [sic] relationship with perfect lucidity.
- ^ a b Seyyed, Hossein Nasr (1987). Islamic Art and Spirituality. Suny Press. p. 115.
Jalal al-Din was born in a major center of Persian culture, Balkh, from Persian speaking parents, and is the product of that Islamic Persian culture which in the 7th/13th century dominated the 'whole of the eastern lands of Islam and to which present day Persians as well as Turks, Afghans, Central Asian Muslims and the Muslims of the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent are heir. It is precisely in this world that the sun of his spiritual legacy has shone most brillianty during the past seven centuries. The father of Jalal al-Din, Muhammad ibn Husayn Khatibi, known as Baha al-Din Walad and entitled Sultan al-'ulama', was an outstanding Sufi in Balkh connected to the spiritual lineage of Najm al-Din Kubra.
- ^ a b Charles Haviland (2007-09-30). "The roar of Rumi—800 years on". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
- ^ Ciabattari, Jane (21 October 2014). "Why is Rumi the best-selling poet in the US?". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
- ^ Tompkins, Ptolemy (2002-10-29). "Rumi Rules!". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
- ^ a b Annemarie Schimmel, The Triumphal Sun: A Study of the Works of Jalaloddin Rumi, SUNY Press, 1993, p. 193: "Rumi's mother tongue was Persian, but he had learned during his stay in Konya, enough Turkish and Greek to use it, now and then, in his verse."
- ^ a b Franklin Lewis: "On the question of Rumi's multilingualism (pp. 315–317), we may still say that he spoke and wrote in Persian as a native language, wrote and conversed in Arabic as a learned "foreign" language and could at least get by at the market in Turkish and Greek (although some wildly extravagant claims have been made about his command of Attic Greek, or his native tongue being Turkish) (Lewis 2008:xxi). (Franklin Lewis, "Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi," One World Publication Limited, 2008). Franklin also points out that: "Living among Turks, Rumi also picked up some colloquial Turkish."(Franklin Lewis, "Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi," One World Publication Limited, 2008, p. 315). He also mentions Rumi composed thirteen lines in Greek (Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi, One World Publication Limited, 2008, p. 316). On Rumi's son, Sultan Walad, Franklin mentions: "Sultan Waladelsewhere admits that he has little knowledge of Turkish" (Sultan Walad): Franklin Lewis, Rumi, "Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi, One World Publication Limited, 2008, p. 239) and "Sultan Valad did not feel confident about his command of Turkish" (Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2000, p. 240)
- ^ Δέδες, Δ. 1993. Ποιήματα του Μαυλανά Ρουμή. Τα Ιστορικά 10.18–19: 3–22.
- ^ Meyer, G. 1895. Die griechischen Verse in Rabâbnâma. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 4: 401–411.
- ^ "Greek Verses of Rumi & Sultan Walad". uci.edu. 22 April 2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012.
- ^ Gardet, Louis (1977). "Religion and Culture". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.). The Cambridge History of Islam, Part VIII: Islamic Society and Civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 586.
It is sufficient to mention 'Aziz al-Din Nasafi, Farid al-Din 'Attar and Sa'adi, and above all Jalal al-Din Rumi, whose Mathnawi remains one of the purest literary glories of Persia
- ^ a b C.E. Bosworth, "Turkmen Expansion towards the west" in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkmen must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the 13th century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose Mathnawī, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."
- ^ "Interview: 'Many Americans Love Rumi...But They Prefer He Not Be Muslim'". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 2010-08-09. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
- ^ "Interview: A mystical journey with Rumi". Asia Times. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
- ^ "Dîvân-i Kebîr Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī". OMI – Old Manuscripts & Incunabula. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
- ^ Rahman, Aziz (27 August 2015). "Nazrul: The rebel and the romantic". The Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
- ^ Khan, Mahmudur Rahman (30 September 2018). "A tribute to Jalaluddin Rumi". The Daily Sun.
- ^ Rumi (2015). Selected Poems. Penguin Books. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-14-196911-4.
- ^ Franklin Lewis (2008). Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi. One World Publication Limited. p. 9.
- ^ "ملای روم" in Dehkhoda Dictionary
- ^ Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (Maulana), Ibrahim Gamard, Rumi and Islam: Selections from His Stories, Poems, and Discourses, Annotated & Explained, SkyLight Paths Publishing, 2004.
- ^ a b Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Art and Spirituality, SUNY Press, 1987. p. 115: "Jalal al-Din was born in a major center of Persian culture, Balkh, from Persian speaking parents, and is the product of that Islamic Persian culture which in the 7th/13th century dominated the 'whole of the eastern lands of Islam and to which present day Persians as well as Turks, Afghans, Central Asian Muslims and the Muslims of the Indo-Pakistani and the Muslims of the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent are heir. It is precisely in this world that the sun of his spiritual legacy has shone most brilliantly during the past seven centuries. The father of Jalal al-Din, Muhammad ibn Husayn Khatibi, known as Baha al-Din Walad and entitled Sultan al-'ulama', was an outstanding Sufi in Balkh connected to the spiritual lineage of Najm al-Din Kubra."
- ^ a b "UNESCO. Executive Board; 175th; UNESCO Medal in honour of Mawlana Jalal-ud-Din Balkhi-Rumi; 2006" (PDF). UNESDOC – UNESCO Documents and Publications. October 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
- ^ Franklin D. Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The life, Teaching and poetry of Jalal Al-Din Rumi, Oneworld Publication Limited, 2008 p. 9: "How is that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere"
- ^ Maqsood Jafrī, The gleam of wisdom, Sigma Press, 2003. p. 238: "Rumi has influenced a large number of writers while on the other hand he himself was under the great influence of Sanai and Attar.
- ^ A.J. Arberry, Sufism: An Account of the Mystics of Islam, Courier Dover Publications, Nov 9, 2001. p. 141
- ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, The Garden of Truth: The Vision and Promise of Sufism, Islam's Mystical Tradition HarperCollins, Sep 2, 2008. page 130: "Attar has traversed the seven cities of Love, We are still at the turn of one street!"
- ^ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, (Rutgers University Press, 2002), 157; "...the Seljuk court at Konya adopted Persian as its official language".
- ^ Aḥmad of Niǧde's "al-Walad al-Shafīq" and the Seljuk Past, A.C.S. Peacock, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 54, (2004), 97; With the growth of Seljuk power in Rum, a more highly developed Muslim cultural life, based on the Persianate culture of the Great Seljuk court, was able to take root in Anatolia
- ^ Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in World History, Oxford University Press, Nov 11, 2004. p. 72: Meanwhile, amid the migratory swarm that Turkified Anatolia, the dispersion of learned men from the Persian-speaking east paradoxically made the Seljuks court at Konya a new center for Persian court culture, as exemplified by the great mystical poet Jelaleddin Rumi (1207–1273).
- ^ Barks, Coleman, Rumi: The Book of Love: Poems of Ecstasy and Longing, HarperCollins, 2005, p. xxv, ISBN 978-0-06-075050-3
- ^ Note: Rumi's shrine is now known as the "Mevlâna Museum" in Turkey.
- ^ Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2000.
- ^ a b Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition). pp. 90–92: "Baha al-Din’s disciples also traced his family lineage to the first caliph, Abu Bakr (Sep 9; Af 7; JNO 457; Dow 213). This probably stems from willful confusion over his paternal great grandmother, who was the daughter of Abu Bakr of Sarakhs, a noted jurist (d. 1090). The most complete genealogy offered for family stretches back only six or seven generations and cannot reach to Abu Bakr, the companion and first caliph of the Prophet, who died two years after the Prophet, in C.E. 634 (FB 5–6 n.3)."
- ^ H. Algar, “BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD WALAD“, Encyclopedia Iranica. There is no reference to such descent in the works of Bahāʾ-e Walad and Mawlānā Jalāl-al-Dīn or in the inscriptions on their sarcophagi. The attribution may have arisen from confusion between the caliph and another Abū Bakr, Šams-al-Aʾemma Abū Bakr Saraḵsī (d. 483/1090), the well-known Hanafite jurist, whose daughter, Ferdows Ḵātūn, was the mother of Aḥmad Ḵaṭīb, Bahāʾ-e Walad’s grandfather (see Forūzānfar, Resāla, p. 6). Tradition also links Bahāʾ-e Walad’s lineage to the Ḵᵛārazmšāh dynasty. His mother is said to have been the daughter of ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Moḥammad Ḵārazmšāh (d. 596/1200), but this appears to be excluded for chronological reasons (Forūzānfar, Resāla, p. 7)
- ^ (Ritter, H.; Bausani, A. "ḎJalāl al- Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵhaṭībī ." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. Excerpt: "known by the sobriquet Mawlānā (Mevlâna), Persian poet and founder of the Mawlawiyya order of dervishes"): "The assertions that his family tree goes back to Abū Bakr, and that his mother was a daughter of the Ḵhwārizmshāh ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad (Aflākī, i, 8–9) do not hold on closer examination (B. Furūzānfarr, Mawlānā Ḏjalāl Dīn, Tehrān 1315, 7; ʿAlīnaḳī Sharīʿatmadārī, Naḳd-i matn-i mathnawī, in Yaghmā, xii (1338), 164; Aḥmad Aflākī, Ariflerin menkibeleri, trans. Tahsin Yazıcı, Ankara 1953, i, Önsöz, 44).")
- ^ Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition). p. 44:“Baha al-Din’s father, Hosayn, had been a religious scholar with a bent for asceticism, occupied like his own father before him, Ahmad, with the family profession of preacher (khatib). Of the four canonical schools of Sunni Islam, the family adhered to the relatively liberal Hanafi fiqh. Hosayn-e Khatibi enjoyed such renown in his youth—so says Aflaki with characteristic exaggeration—that Razi al-Din Nayshapuri and other famous scholars came to study with him (Af 9; for the legend about Baha al-Din, see below, “The Mythical Baha al-Din”). Another report indicates that Baha al-Din’s grandfather, Ahmad al-Khatibi, was born to Ferdows Khatun, a daughter of the reputed Hanafite jurist and author Shams al-A’emma Abu Bakr of Sarakhs, who died circa 1088 (Af 75; FB 6 n.4; Mei 74 n. 17). This is far from implausible and, if true, would tend to suggest that Ahmad al-Khatabi had studied under Shams al-A’emma. Prior to that the family could supposedly trace its roots back to Isfahan. We do not learn the name of Baha al-Din’s mother in the sources, only that he referred to her as “Mama” (Mami), and that she lived to the 1200s.” (p. 44)
- ^ Ahmed, Akbar (2011). Suspended Somewhere Between: A Book of Verse. PM Press. pp. i. ISBN 978-1-60486-485-4.
- ^ El-Fers, Mohamed (2009). Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi. MokumTV. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4092-9291-3.
- ^ "Hz. Mawlana and Shams". semazen.net.
- ^ The Essential Rumi. Translations by Coleman Barks, p. xx.
- ^ Helminski, Camille. "Introduction to Rumi: Daylight". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
- ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1987). Islamic Art and Spirituality. SUNY Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-88706-174-5.
- ^ a b c Jawid Mojaddedi (2004). "Introduction". Rumi, Jalal al-Din. The Masnavi, Book One. Oxford University Press (Kindle Edition). p. xix.
- ^ Mevlâna Jalal al-din Rumi
- ^ H. Crane "Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, v. 36, n. 1 (1993), p. 18.
- ^ William C. Chittick (2017). "RUMI, JALĀL-AL-DIN vii. Philosophy". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- ^ Ibrahim Gamard (with gratitude for R.A. Nicholson's 1930 British translation). The Mathnawî-yé Ma'nawî – Rhymed Couplets of Deep Spiritual Meaning of Jalaluddin Rumi.
- ^ Naini, Majid. The Mysteries of the Universe and Rumi's Discoveries on the Majestic Path of Love.
- ^ Jawid Mojaddedi (2004). "Introduction". Rumi, Jalal al-Din. The Masnavi, Book One. Oxford University Press (Kindle Edition). p. xix.
Rumi’s Masnavi holds an exalted status in the rich canon of Persian Sufi literature as the greatest mystical poem ever written. It is even referred to commonly as ‘the Koran in Persian’.
- ^ Abdul Rahman Jami notes:
(Khawaja Abdul Hamid Irfani, "The Sayings of Rumi and Iqbal", Bazm-e-Rumi, 1976.)
- ^ Jawid Mojaddedi (2004). "Introduction". Rumi, Jalal al-Din. The Masnavi, Book One. Oxford University Press (Kindle Edition). pp. xii–xiii.
Towards the end of his life he presented the fruit of his experience of Sufism in the form of the Masnavi, which has been judged by many commentators, both within the Sufi tradition and outside it, to be the greatest mystical poem ever written.
- ^ Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition). p. 306: "The manuscripts versions differ greatly in the size of the text and orthography. Nicholson’s text has 25,577 lines though the average medieval and early modern manuscripts contained around 27,000 lines, meaning the scribes added two thousand lines or about eight percent more to the poem composed by Rumi. Some manuscripts give as many as 32,000!"
- ^ Virani, Shafique. “Persian Poetry, Sufism and Ismailism: The Testimony of Khwajah Qasim Tushtari's Recognizing God.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series 3 29, no. 1 (2019): 17–49.https://www.academia.edu/40141803/
- ^ Franklin D. Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teaching, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi, rev. ed. (2008). p. 314: “The Foruzanfar’s edition of the Divan-e Shams compromises 3229 ghazals and qasidas making a total of almost 35000 lines, not including several hundred lines of stanzaic poems and nearly two thousand quatrains attributed to him”
- ^ Dar al-Masnavi Website, accessed December 2009: According to the Dar al-Masnavi website: “In Forûzânfar's edition of Rumi's Divan, there are 90 ghazals (Vol. 1, 29; Vol. 2, 1; Vol. 3, 6; Vol. 4, 8; Vol. 5, 19, Vol. 6, 0; Vol. 7, 27) and 19 quatrains entirely in Arabic. In addition, there are ghazals which are all Arabic except for the final line; many have one or two lines in Arabic within the body of the poem; some have as many as 9–13 consecutive lines in Arabic, with Persian verses preceding and following; some have alternating lines in Persian, then Arabic; some have the first half of the verse in Persian, the second half in Arabic.”
- ^ Mecdut MensurOghlu: “The Divan of Jalal al-Din Rumi contains 35 couplets in Turkish and Turkish-Persian which have recently been published me” (Celal al-Din Rumi’s turkische Verse: UJb. XXIV (1952), pp. 106–115)
- ^ Franklin D. Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teaching, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi, rev. ed. (2008): "“a couple of dozen at most of the 35,000 lines of the Divan-I Shams are in Turkish, and almost all of these lines occur in poems that are predominantly in Persian”"
- ^ Dedes, D. 1993. Ποίηματα του Μαυλανά Ρουμή [Poems by Rumi]. Ta Istorika 10.18–19: 3–22.
- ^ "Untitled Document".
- ^ Franklin D. Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teaching, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi, rev. ed. (2008): "Three poems have bits of demotic Greek; these have been identified and translated into French, along with some Greek verses of Sultan Valad. Golpinarli (GM 416–417) indicates according to Vladimir Mir Mirughli, the Greek used in some of Rumi’s macaronic poems reflects the demotic Greek of the inhabitants of Anatolia. Golpinarli then argues that Rumi knew classical Persian and Arabic with precision, but typically composes poems in a more popular or colloquial Persian and Arabic.".
- ^ Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West — The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi, Oneworld Publications, 2000, Chapter 7.
- ^ “As Safa points out (Saf 2:1206) the Discourse reflect the stylistics of oral speech and lacks the sophisticated word plays, Arabic vocabulary and sound patterning that we would except from a consciously literary text of this period. Once again, the style of Rumi as lecturer or orator in these discourses does not reflect an audience of great intellectual pretensions, but rather middle-class men and women, along with number of statesmen and rulers”” (Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition). p. 292)
- ^ Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition). p. 293
- ^ Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition). p. 295:“In contrast with the prose of his Discourses and sermons, the style of the letters is consciously sophisticated and epistolary, in conformity with the expectations of correspondence directed to nobles, statesmen and kings"
- ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2000) Transcendent Theosophy of Mulla Sadra ISBN 964-426-034-1
- ^ Rumi: 53 Secrets from the Tavern of Love, trans. by Amin Banani and Anthony A. Lee, p. 3
- ^ Verse (21:107) – English Translation
- ^ Ibrahim Gamard (2004), Rumi and Islam, p. 163, ISBN 978-1-59473-002-3
- ^ Ibrahim Gamard (2004), Rumi and Islam, p. 177, ISBN 978-1-59473-002-3
- ^ Lewis 2000, pp. 407–408
- ^ Lewis 2000, p. 408
- ^ Ibrahim Gamard, Rumi and Self Discovery, Dar al Masnavi
- ^ Ibrahim Gamard (2004), Rumi and Islam, SkyLight Paths, p. 169, ISBN 978-1-59473-002-3
- ^ About the Masnavi, Dar Al-Masnavi
- ^ Eliza Tasbihi, "Sabzawārī’s Sharḥ-i Asrār: A Philosophical Commentary on Rūmī’s Mathnawī" in Mawlana Rumi Review, Volume 7, Issue 1 (2016), p. 187
- ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Rumi and the Sufi Tradition," in Chelkowski (ed.), The Scholar and the Saint, p. 183
- ^ Quoted in Ibrahim Gamard, Rumi and Islam: Selections from His Stories, Poems, and Discourses — Annotated and Explained, p. 171.
- ^ "index". naini.net.
- ^ "Rumi Network by Shahram Shiva – The World's Most Popular Website on Rumi". rumi.net.
- ^ "University of Tehran". ut.ac.ir. Archived from the original on 2006-05-07.
- ^ Curiel, Jonathan, San Francisco Chronicle Staff Writer, Islamic verses: The influence of Muslim literature in the United States has grown stronger since the Sept. 11 attacks (February 6, 2005), Available online (Retrieved Aug 2006)
- ^ Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group—Five Thousand Turkish Lira—I. Series Archived 2010-03-02 at the Wayback Machine, II. Series Archived 2010-03-02 at the Wayback Machine & III. Series. Retrieved on 20 April 2009. ArchivedJune 3, 2009, at WebCite
- ^ a b Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2000.
- ^ See for example 4th grade Iranian school book where the story of the Parrot and Merchant from the Mathnawi is taught to students
- ^ Hiro, Dilip (2011-11-01). Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz stan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran. The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-59020-378-1.
- ^ Uyar, Yaprak Melike; ʂehvar Beʂiroglu, ʂ (2012). "Recent representations of the music of the Mevlevi Order of Sufism". Journal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies. 6 (2): 137–150. doi:10.4407/jims.2014.02.002. ISSN 1307-0401.
- ^ "Sufism". gmu.edu.
- ^ ISCA—The Islamic Supreme Council of America Archived August 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Mevlâna Celâleddin Rumi". Archived from the original on 2007-05-06. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
- ^ a b "About the Mevlevi Order of America". hayatidede.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12.
- ^ Hanut, Eryk (2000). Rumi: The Card and Book Pack : Meditation, Inspiration, Self-discovery. The Rumi Card Book. Tuttle Publishing. xiii. ISBN 978-1-885203-95-3.
- ^ Web Page Under Construction Archived 2006-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mango, Andrew, Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey, (2002), ISBN 978-1-58567-011-6.
- ^ Kloosterman Genealogy, Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi Archived 2006-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Mevlevi Sema Ceremony UNESCO.
- ^ Edward G. Browne, A Literary History of Persia from the Earliest Times Until Firdawsh, 543 pp., Adamant Media Corporation, 2002, ISBN 978-1-4021-6045-5, 978-1-4021-6045-5 (see p. 437)
- ^ Annemarie Schimmel, Deciphering the Signs of God, 302 pp., SUNY Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-7914-1982-3, 978-0-7914-1982-3 (see p. 210)
- ^ "Haber, Haberler, Güncel Haberler, Ekonomi, Dünya, Gündem Haberleri, Son Dakika, – Zaman Gazetesi". zaman.com. Archived from the original on 2006-03-17.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs". mfa.gov.af.
- ^ همشهری آنلاین Archived 2007-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Int'l congress on Molana opens in Tehran Archived 2007-12-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Iran Daily — Arts & Culture — 10/03/06 Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ CHN | News Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Podcast Episode: Living Dialogues: Coleman Barks: The Soul of Rumi (Thought-Leaders in Transforming Ourselves and Our Global Community with Duncan Campbell, Visionary Conversationalist, Living Dialogues.com". personallifemedia.com.
- ^ tehrantimes.com, 300 dervishes whirl for Rumi in Turkey
- ^ "Mawlana Rumi Review". facebook.com.
- ^ a b "archetypebooks.com". Archived from the original on 2004-12-17.
- ^ Lewisohn, Leonard. "Editor's Note". Mawlana Rumi Review.
- ^ Rumi, Jalaloddin. "Rumi on fire". translated by Shahriar Shahriari. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
Further reading
English translations
- Ma-Aarif-E-Mathnavi A commentary of the Mathnavi of Maulana Jalaluddin Rumi (R.A.), by Hazrat Maulana Hakim Muhammad Akhtar Saheb (D.B.), 1997.
- The Sufi Path of Love: The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi, by William Chittick, Albany: SUNY Press, 1983.
- Os Mistérios do Universo e As Descobertas de Rumi sobre o Majestoso Caminho do Amor, por Majid M. Naini, Universal Vision & Research, 2002 ISBN 978-0-9714600-0-3 www.naini.net
- O Mesnevi de Mevlâna Jelālu'd-dīn er-Rūmī. Livro primeiro, juntamente com alguns relatos da vida e dos atos do Autor, de seus antepassados, e de seus descendentes, ilustrado por uma seleção de anedotas características, como coletado por seu historiador, Mevlâna Shemsu'dīn Ahmed el-Eflākī el-'Arifī, traduzido e a poesia versificada por James W. Redhouse, Londres: 1881. Contém apenas a tradução do primeiro livro.
- Masnaví-i Ma'naví, os Casais Espirituais de Mauláná Jalálu'd-din Muhammad Rúmí, traduzido e abreviado por E.H. Whinfield, Londres: 1887; 1989. Versão resumida do poema completo. Edições on-line em sacred-texts.com, archive.org e na wikisource.
- O Masnavī de Jalālu'd-din Rūmī. Livro II,traduzido pela primeira vez do persa em prosa, com um comentário, por C.E. Wilson, Londres: 1910.
- O Mathnawí de Jalálu'ddín Rúmí, editado a partir dos manuscritos mais antigos disponíveis, com notas críticas, tradução e comentários de Reynold A. Nicholson, em 8 volumes, Londres: Senhores Luzac & Co., 1925-1940. Contém o texto em persa. Primeira tradução completa em inglês do Mathnawí.
- Rending The Veil: Tradução literal e poética de Rumi, traduzido por Shahram Shiva Hohm Press, 1995 ISBN 978-0-934252-46-1. Ganhador do Prêmio Benjamin Franklin.
- Hush, Don't Say Anything to God: Passionate Poems of Rumi, traduzido por Shahram Shiva Jain Publishing, 1999 ISBN 978-0-87573-084-4.
- The Essential Rumi, traduzido por Coleman Barks com John Moyne, A.J. Arberry, Reynold Nicholson, São Francisco: Harper Collins, 1996 ISBN 978-0-06-250959-8; Edison (NJ) e Nova York: Castle Books, 1997 ISBN 978-0-7858-0871-8. Seleções. Descrição da edição expandida de 2010. Um poema muito citado é "The Guest House found in, por exemplo, Mark Williams and Danny Penman (2011), Mindfulness, pp. 165-167. O poema também está em https://www.thepoetryexchange.co.uk/the-guest-house-by-rumi.
- The Illuminated Rumi, traduzido por Coleman Barks, Michael Green colaborador, Nova York: Broadway Books, 1997 ISBN 978-0-7679-0002-7.
- The Masnavi: Book One, traduzido por Jawid Mojaddedi, Oxford World's Classics Series, Oxford University Press, 2004 ISBN 978-0-19-280438-9. Traduzido pela primeira vez a partir da edição persa preparada por Mohammad Estelami com uma introdução e notas explicativas. Premiado com o Prêmio Lois Roth de 2004 pela excelência na tradução da literatura persa pelo Instituto Americano de Estudos Iranianos.
- Divani Shamsi Tabriz, traduzido por Nevit Oguz Ergin como Divan-i-kebir, publicado pela Echo Publications, 2003 ISBN 978-1-887991-28-5.
- Os rubais de Rumi: insanos com amor,traduções e comentários de Nevit Oguz Ergin e Will Johnson, Inner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont, 2007, ISBN 978-1-59477-183-5.
- The Masnavi: Book Two, traduzido por Jawid Mojaddedi, Oxford World's Classics Series, Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-921259-0. A primeira tradução verso do texto não abreviado do Livro Dois, com uma introdução e notas explicativas.
- The Rubai'yat of Jalal Al-Din Rumi: Select Translations Into English Verse, Traduzido por A.J. Arberry, (Emery Walker, Londres, 1949)
- Poemas Místicos de Rumi, Traduzido por A.J. Arberry, (University of Chicago Press, 2009)
- Os quatrains de Rumi: Tradução completa com texto persa, comentário místico islâmico, manual de termos e concordância,traduzido por Ibrahim W. Gamard e A.G. Rawan Farhadi, 2008.
- The Soul of Rumi: A New Collection of Ecstatic Poems, traduções de Coleman Barks, Harper One, 2002.
- Os Cem Contos de Sabedoria, uma tradução de Idries Shah of the Manāqib ul-Ārefīn de Aflākī, Octagon Press 1978. Episódios da vida de Rumi e algumas de suas histórias de ensino.
- Rumi: 53 Segredos da Taverna do Amor: Poemas do Rubaiyat de Mowlana Rumi, traduzido por Amin Banani e Anthony A. Lee (White Cloud Press, 2014) ISBN 978-1-940468-00-6.
Vida e trabalho
- RUMI, JALĀL-AL-DIN. Encyclopædia Iranica, edição online, 2014.
- Dr. Khalifa Abdul Hakim, "A metafísica de Rumi: Um esboço crítico e histórico", Lahore: O Instituto da Cultura Islâmica, 1959. ISBN 978-81-7435-475-4
- Afzal Iqbal, A Vida e pensamento de Mohammad Jalal-ud-Din Rumi, Lahore: Bazm-i-Iqbal, 1959 (última edição, A vida e obra de Jalal-ud-Din Rumi, Kuala Lumpur: The Other Press, 2014). Endossado pelo famoso estudioso rumi, A.J. Arberry,que escreveu o prefácio.
- Abdol Reza Arasteh, Rumi, o Persa: Renascimento em Criatividade e Amor, Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1963 (última edição, Rumi, o Persa, o Sufi, Nova York: Routledge, 2013). O autor foi um psiquiatra iraniano treinado pelos EUA influenciado por Erich Fromm e C.G. Jung.
- Annemarie Schimmel, The Triumphal Sun: A Study of the Works of Jalaloddin Rumi, Albany: SUNY Press, 1993.
- Fatemeh Keshavarz, "Reading Mystical Lyric: The Case of Jalal al-Din Rumi", University of South Carolina Press, 1998. ISBN 978-1-57003-180-9.
- Revisão de Mawlana Rumi mawlanarumireview.com. Uma revisão anual dedicada a Rumi. Arquétipo,2010. ISBN 978-1-901383-38-6.
- Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Arte Islâmica e Espiritualidade, Albany: SUNY Press, 1987, capítulos 7 e 8.
- Majid M. Naini, Os Mistérios do Universo e As Descobertas de Rumi sobre o Majestoso Caminho do Amor,Visão Universal & Pesquisa, 2002, ISBN 978-0-9714600-0-3
- Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Passado e Presente, Leste e Oeste,Oneworld Publications, 2000. ISBN 978-1-85168-214-0
- Leslie Wines, Rumi: A Spiritual Biography, New York: Crossroads, 2001 ISBN 978-0-8245-2352-7.
- Rumi's Thoughts, editado por Seyed G Safavi, Londres: London Academy of Iranian Studies, 2003.
- William Chittick, A Doutrina Sufi de Rumi: Edição Ilustrada, Bloomington: Sabedoria Mundial, 2005.
- Şefik Can, Fundamentos do Pensamento de Rumi: Uma Perspectiva Sufi Mevlevi, Sommerset (NJ): The Light Inc., 2004 ISBN 978-1-932099-79-9.
- Rumi's Tasawwuf e Vedanta por R.M. Chopra em Indo Iranica Vol. 60
- Athanasios Sideris, "Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi", uma entrada nas conexões de Rumi com o elemento grego na Ásia Menor, na Enciclopédia do Mundo Helênico – Ásia Menor, 2003.
- Waley, Muhammad Isa (2017). Os Poemas Estroféticos (Tarjī'āt) de Rumi. Edição Crítica, Tradução e Comentário, com Capítulos Adicionais sobre Aspectos de Seu Divã. (Escola de Estudos Orientais e Africanos, Londres.)
Literatura persa
- E.G. Browne, História da Pérsia, quatro volumes, publicado pela primeira vez 1902-1924.
- Jan Rypka, História da Literatura Iraniana, Reidel Publishing Company; 1968 OCLC 460598. ISBN 978-90-277-0143-5
- "RUMI: Seus Ensinamentos e Filosofia" de R.M. Chopra, Sociedade Iraniana, Calcutá (2007).
